Deportation at a Distance: Return Hubs and the EU’s Politics of Externalization

The European Union’s proposed return hubs would allow some people ordered to leave the bloc to be transferred to facilities in third countries. Backers present the scheme as a practical answer to weak return rates and political pressure over migration. This article examines how the proposal emerged, how it is meant to work and why it raises sharp legal, humanitarian and political questions.

Sovereignty as a Service – IRIS² and the EU’s New Connectivity Model

IRIS² is the EU’s bid to secure satellite connectivity for governments while also supporting commercial services. The real test is governance. Who controls access, how crisis priority is decided, and how accountability works in a long public–private concession will shape whether IRIS² actually strengthens EU autonomy.