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New Normal of Deliberate Escalation Between India and Pakistan

The May 2025 crisis between India and Pakistan reflects a shifting security paradigm in South Asia where deliberate escalation increasingly unfolds under the shadow of nuclear deterrence. The integration of advanced technologies has lowered traditional thresholds of conflict while expanding the scope of engagements. The weaponization of non-traditional domains such as water resources and information space further highlights the multidimensional nature of contemporary warfare between the two states. While third-party mediation helped avert full-scale war, it remains insufficient in addressing the deeper structural causes of recurring instability.

Between Debt Swaps and IMF Reform: The Political Economy of External Dependence in Egypt

Egypt’s reliance on IMF support, Gulf investments, and debt swaps has prevented immediate collapse but deepened structural dependence. While these mechanisms provide short-term liquidity and ease foreign currency pressures, they fail to resolve entrenched imbalances and military dominance. The Ras El-Hekma deal epitomizes this trade-off between stabilization and sovereignty.